Alzheimer’s: It is a brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out even the simplest tasks. In most people with this disease, the first symptoms appear later in life.

Senile dementia: It is the loss of intellectual faculties (thought, memory, and reasoning).

Symptoms: Phenomenon that reveals the existence of a disease.

Deterioration: Gradual degeneration of something.

Prevention: Provision that is made in advance to avoid a risk.

Diagnosis: Process in which a disease is identified, some type of condition or injury due to its signs and symptoms.

Disease: Disturbance that affects body’s functioning.

Clinically: Alludes to the medical diagnosis that has a relation with the medical practice or physical exam of the patient.

Brain changes: Continuous transformation in the brain made in a physical, chemical or emotional way.

Memory loss: Is the unusual forgetfulness, the inability to remember new facts or access to one or more memories from the past.

Changes: The action of transforming one thing into another.

Needs: This term is defined as a state of being in which exists the absence of a determined element.

Inclusion: Introduction of something inside another one or within its limits.

Confusion: Disorganization, lack of knowledge and clarity.

Incapacity: Lack of capacity for doing, receiving or learning to do something.

Disability: Limitation to carry out certain activities promoted by a physical or psychic deficiency, sensory and intellectual.

Language difficulty: Inconvenient to understand or communicate.

Logic: Science that exposes the laws, manners and forms of human reasoning.

Period: Time elapsed between two instances or events.

Recognition/ Recognize: Distinction of a person or thing among others by their features.

Hallucinations: Is a false perception of objects or events of sensory nature.

Deliriums: Is a mental state that causes confusion, disorientation and the impossibility of thinking or remembering with clarity. Usually starts suddenly.

Paranoia: Group of mental perturbations that induce a state of delirium, characterized for the ideas or fixed illusions, logical and systematized. They are also used figuratively.

IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR: This is a condition characterized by an inability to resist impulses, temptations, or urges, leading to actions without considering the consequences.

Emotional Outbursts: An uncontrollable display of an emotion. It could be anger, sadness, etc. While some emotional outbursts are more dramatic than others, they are all characterized by an  overwhelming feeling that takes over the body and mind.

Concern: Curiosity or intellectual interest.

Anxiety: Anguish and fear state, is an anticipatory and active  perception that most of the time assumes a state of psychophysical discomfort.

Loss of emotional control: Acting out in an impulsive manner, without thought or regard for the consequences. Often accompanied by a defensive stance.

Loss of sphincter control: This is the loss of bowel control, resulting in unexpected bowel movements.

Pneumonia: Lung inflammation or part of it.

Memory: Capacity of acquiring, storing and recovering information, or faculty of remembering.

Tests: Instruments or exams to check up on a disease or affection.

Specialist: Is a person who cultivates or dedicates themselves to a particular branch of art or science in which they have special knowledge or skills, especially in medicine.

Neurologist: Medicine professional that counts with special training in the treatment and diagnosis of the central nervous system.

Neuropsychologist: Specialist in neurophysiology.

Aging: People´s property alteration meant by the pass of time.

Neurodegenerative: Type of disease in which the nervous system cells do not function or die. The neurodegenerative disorders usually get worse as time has elapsed and do not have cure.

Cerebral cortex: The gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

Hippocampus: An elongated prominence located next to the lateral ventricles of the brain.

Hypothalamus: A region of the brain located at its base , connected by a nerve stalk to the pituitary gland, and having an important role in vegetative life.

Thalamus: A part of the brain located at the base of the brain, consisting of two masses of gray matter between the two hemispheres.

Microtubules: Long, hollow cylinder made up of tubulin protein, having an outer diameter of 25 nanometers..

Alterations: Modifications in the essence or form of behavior.

Long-term memory: Is the brain mechanism that allows us to encode and retain a virtually unlimited amount of information for an extended period of time. Memories stored in long-term memory can last from seconds to years.

Short-term memory: Is generally considered to allow the retention of information for short periods of time, ranging from seven to forty seconds.

Depression: Syndrome characterized by deep sadness, dejection, and a decrease in mental functions

Isolation: The act and result of avoiding or reducing social contact and having few people to interact with regularly.

Aggression: The tendency to attack or behave provocatively and violently.

Disorientation: A mental state characterized by confusion regarding time, place, or about who one is.

Disorder: Alterations or someone´s disturbance.

Neurons: Brain cell formed by a nucleus and a series of prolongations.

Medicines: Substance administered with curative and preventive purposes of a disease.

Caregiver: Person in charge of the care of an Alzheimer´s sick person, generally a family member or a sanitary professional designed for this task.

Difficulties: Situation that complicates and extends the course of the illness and is not proper of the disease.

Memory lapses: Is a term used to describe a group of symptoms, such as memory loss, difficulty with reasoning, impaired learning and recall, personality changes, and inappropriate behavior, that affect a person’s intellectual and social abilities.

Caregiver burnout: Refers to the burnout syndrome of the caregiver, indicates the state of exhaustion, both emotional and physical, that people experience and are dedicated to take care of a dependent person.

Palliative care:  Focuses on improving the quality of life for people with serious illnesses.

Neurotransmitters: Substance or chemical that transmits nerve impulses and provokes muscular responses, glandular and neuronal.

Paraphasia and paraphemy: Language  disorder distinguished by the involuntary production of phonemic errors, verbal or semantic during speech.

Senile plaques: The neuritic plaques, also called senile plaques or amyloid plaques, are formed in the interneuronal spaces of the gray matter of the brain by the deposit of a protein called beta-amyloid.

Early onset Alzheimer’s: Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease occurs when the person is between 30 and 65 years old, and represents less than 10 percent of all people with Alzheimer’s.

Late onset Alzheimer’s:Most people with Alzheimer’s disease develop symptoms later in life, typically around the age of 65.

Amyloid: The amyloid is an abnormal protein that is typically produced in the bone marrow and can be deposited in various organs and tissues.

Aphasia: Loss of the capacity of speech as a consequence of a brain injury.

APOE: Apolipoprotein is the most usual gene that is linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Evaluation: Assessment of a person’s knowledge, attitude, and performance.

Assisted living facilities: Are designed for individuals who require a certain degree of assistance with daily living activities (for example, bathing, dressing, or taking prescribed medication).

Autonomy: The faculty of a person who can act according to their own judgment, independently of the opinion or desire of others.

Cognitive abilities: Human aptitudes related to information processing are known as cognitive abilities or cognitive skills, involving the use of memory, attention, perception, creativity, and abstract or analogical thinking.

Cognitive symptoms: Signs of mild cognitive impairment include frequently losing things, forgetting, and experiencing more difficulty finding words compared to others of the same age.

Axial computed tomography: Procedure that uses a computer connected to an X-ray machine to create a series of detailed images of the inside of the body. The images are taken from different angles and used to create three-dimensional (3D) views of tissues and organs.

Deficit: Generic term for physical or mental impairments that make affected individuals less capable compared to healthy individuals.

Echocardiogram: Test used to visualize the structure of the heart and thus study its hemodynamic function, that is, its ability to pump blood.

Electrocardiogram: A simple, painless procedure that measures the electrical activity of the heart. Each time the heart beats, an electrical signal travels through it. An electrocardiogram shows if your heart is beating at a normal rate and with normal force. It also shows the size and position of the heart’s chambers.

Electroencephalogram: A study that measures the electrical activity in the brain using small metal discs (electrodes) placed on the scalp. Brain cells communicate through electrical impulses and are active all the time, even while you sleep.

Familial Alzheimer’s Disease: The ‘familial’ variant represents only a small percentage, less than 1%, of Alzheimer’s cases. In these cases, the disease usually has a very early onset, with symptoms often appearing before the age of 60, and can even manifest in the 40s.

Genetic counseling: Refers to the guidance on genetic disorders provided by a specialized health professional to an individual or family.

Genetic test: A type of medical test that identifies changes in genes, chromosomes, the genome, or proteins. They can be used to confirm or rule out a genetic disorder.

Hoarding: Severe psychological disorder in which individuals accumulate a large quantity of possessions.

Hospice: End-of-life care provided by a team of healthcare professionals and volunteers offering medical, psychological, and spiritual support

Incontinence: Inability to voluntarily control the sphincters, due to neurological damage or destruction of the voluntary muscle fibers of the corresponding sphincters.

Late stage: Characterized by a gradual decline in the functioning of all body systems, with a progressive loss of strength and cognitive abilities, in addition to a higher likelihood of presenting all types of pathologies and neurological disorders.

Lewy body dementia: Lewy body dementia is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease. Deposits of a protein called Lewy bodies develop in the brain’s nerve cells. These protein deposits affect brain regions involved in thinking, memory, and movement.

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): This is used to assess a person’s cognitive function and determine if any problems are improving or worsening. It is also known as a neurocognitive test.

Occupational therapists: This is a socio-health profession that focuses on the rehabilitation, empowerment, and adaptation of individuals with physical, cognitive, or emotional difficulties in their daily activities.

Stimulation: Stimulation refers to the act of eliciting a response in a person’s nervous system. This can be done in various ways, either through external or internal stimuli, and is used to improve a person’s ability to perform a task or produce a specific response.

Medical prognosis: Medical prognosis is a prediction made by a healthcare professional about the course and outcome of a disease. It is based on the patient’s symptoms and the medical knowledge available regarding the likelihood of certain events occurring.

Progressive disorder: Progressive disorder is a disease or health condition that worsens over time, resulting in a general decline in health or function. The term ‘progressive disorder’ is often used to differentiate a condition from one with relapses and remissions.

Psychosis: Severe mental disorder that profoundly alters an individual’s mental capacity and causes them to lose touch with reality.

Psychotherapy: Treatment applied to address problems such as mental health disorders.

Repetitive behavior: Refers to unusual behaviors characterized by the repetition of inappropriate behavior, ranging from stereotyped body movements to cognitively mediated symptoms, such as restricted interests or obsessive preoccupations.

Relief care: Respite care is responsible for replacing the primary caregiver of an elderly person, child, or patient in general.

Risk factor: A biological characteristic or behavior that increases the probability of developing or dying from a disease in individuals who possess it.

Side effect: Effect caused by a medication that was not initially sought when this treatment was prescribed. Side effects are not necessarily harmful and are generally known.

Trigger: Refers to those specific situations that produce a result or initiate a process that affects the physical or physical health of the patient.

Apathy: Advises unwillingness or a remarkable lack of energy.

Acalculia:  Refers to the nability to process and understand numbers. It is due to an alteration in the abilities and mathematical processing caused by a brain disease. Acalculia is manifested in difficulties in performing simple mathematical calculations.

Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter that allows the transmission of information from one neuron to another one.

Agnosia:Perceptual disorder that incapacitates someone from recognizing people, objects, or sensations that were previously familiar, it can appear as a consequence of different brain alterations and is one of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

Agraphia: Total or partial inability to express ideas in writing due to brain injury or disorder.

Apraxia: Neurological disease characterized by the difficulty or impossibility of developing voluntary actions, despite the fact that there are no organic reasons to justify the problem.

Atrophy: Alludes to the decrease in size or volume of cells, tissues, or organs, which affects their function.

Cerebral atrophy: Cerebral atrophy is the loss of brain cells and their electrochemical connectors. This cell loss results in brain shrinkage and, depending on its origin and extent, decreases the cognitive capacity of the person suffering from the alteration.

Cachexia: It is a state of extreme malnutrition, muscle atrophy, fatigue, and weakness.

Cerebral cortex: The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. It is composed of neuronal cell bodies and has a folded and wrinkled appearance. It is the most evolved and complex region of the brain and is associated with functions such as thought, memory, language, perception, and motor control.

Unrestrained: Behaving according to internal impulses or feelings, without being limited by real or conventional expectations.

Differential diagnosis: This refers to the fact that different health conditions cause similar symptoms.

Dysphagia: It is a condition that limits or obstructs the intake of solid and liquid foods.

Dystonia: Dystonia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary, sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, causing abnormal twisting movements and/or postures.

Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that causes movement, mental, and sleep disturbances, pain, and other health problems. Parkinson’s disease worsens over time. Although there is no cure, treatments and medications can reduce symptoms.

Hippocampus: The hippocampus is a brain structure located in the temporal lobe, therefore it is part of the limbic system.

Incapacity: This is a judicial declaration by which a person is deprived of legal capacity.

Incidence: Refers to the quantity of new disease cases, a symptom, death or injury  that is presented during an specific period of time.

Myelin: It is an insulating layer, or sheath, that forms around nerves, including those found in the brain and spinal cord. It is composed of protein and fatty substances. The myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to be transmitted rapidly and efficiently along neurons.

Myoclonus: This refers to a rapid, spasmodic movement that you cannot control. Hiccups are a type of myoclonus, as are the sudden jerks or “myoclonic jerks” you experience before falling asleep. These types of myoclonus are observed in healthy people and are usually not serious.

Neuroleptic: A type of medication used to treat the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations (visions, sounds, smells, tastes or touches that a person believes are real, but are not), delusions (false beliefs) and dementia (loss of the ability to think, remember, learn, make decisions and solve problems). Most neuroleptics interfere with the action of certain chemicals in the nervous system. It is also called an antipsychotic and antipsychotic medication.

Neurofibrillary tangles: These are an abnormal cluster of proteins composed of small, twisted fibers inside neurons in cases of Alzheimer’s disease.

Parkinsonism: It is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability.

Pathological: Considered the scientific foundation of medicine and aims to explain the mechanisms underlying the development of the signs and symptoms of disease.

Recollection: Having in mind something from the past.

Reminiscence: Reminiscing involves thinking about past experiences. This therapeutic strategy encourages patients to talk about their past and the positive experiences they have had, creating a safe pathway back to happier times.

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